How to Amplify Learning in A&P
TAPP Radio Ep. 53 TRANSCRIPT
The A&P Professor podcast (TAPP radio) episodes are made for listening, not reading. This transcript is provided for your convenience, but hey, it’s just not possible to capture the emphasis and dramatic delivery of the audio version. Or the cool theme music. Or laughs and snorts. And because it’s generated by a combo of machine and human transcription, it may not be exactly right. So I strongly recommend listening by clicking the LISTEN button provided.
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Episode 53 Transcript
How to Amplify Learning in A&P
Introduction
Kevin Patton: Education expert John Dewey once said, “[If you] give the pupils something to do, not something to learn. And the doing is of such a nature as to demand thinking, learning naturally results.”
Aileen: Welcome to The A&P Professor. A few minutes to focus on teaching human anatomy and physiology with host Kevin Patton.
Kevin Patton: In this episode, I have updates on the shape of the heart and the role of exosomes in cancer. Then the discussion of ways to amplify learning in our course.
Jargon: Show Notes & Episode Pages
Kevin Patton: Don’t you hate it when people use jargon and you don’t know what it means? And they’re halfway through their story before it dawns on you what they’re talking about. Or maybe you have to stop them and say, “That is that LMS acronym you keep talking about?” Of course that means learning management system. So I might be off on a rant because I’m frustrated about some aspect of my LMS that I’m using and you don’t know what it is that’s frustrating me so much because you don’t know what an LMS is. And well of course, you all know what an LMS is. But somebody else might not.
Kevin Patton: And I realized recently that I’ve been guilty of that in the various episodes of my podcast. I’ve been talking about two things that you may not understand what I’m talking about, and they are the episode page, and the show notes.
Kevin Patton: I will frequently, especially at the end of the episode say you can find links to various resources related to these segments in the show notes or the episode page. And what is that? Where is it? How do I get there? What in the world is that? Well, they’re different places where you might be finding this episode to listen to it. You might be on theAPprofessor.org website. And if you’re on a page that is dedicated to this episode, then that’s what I call the episode page. And if you scroll down below the player, you’ll see the show notes. So the show notes are on the episode page. And show notes is a podcasting term that is used to talk about any notes that are provided along with the show or with the episode. So we call those show notes. And for this podcast and many podcasts, it’s usually a bunch of links that are going to link you to the resources or the original sources on which I’m basing the information I’m giving you in the various segments of this podcast, of this podcast episode.
Kevin Patton: So when I say look at the show notes, that’s what I’m referring to. Now there are other places you can find this. It depends on where you’re listening, what’s most convenient for you. You might be listening in a podcast app. And maybe it’s The A&P Professor app, which you can download for free in your device’s app store. Or it could be a generic podcast app where you can listen to a lot of different podcasts like Apple Podcast app or Google Podcast’s app, or Overcast, or Stitcher, or there’s a whole bunch of them. Or you might be listening on a radio platform like Pandora for example. Or Spotify, or Deezer, or one of the other so called radio apps or radio platforms.
Kevin Patton: And in any of those, there is likely to be some information, a little mini page of information that you can see on the player if you have the player visible on your device. You should be able to swipe up or down or around or something and you’ll see the show notes. And sometimes the hyperlinks are live and ready to go, and you can just click on one and go to an article from the journal Nature, or an article from Science News, or a previous episode, the episode page for previous episode or some other link that I have there.
Kevin Patton: There are some of those platforms, especially the radio based platforms, but some other podcasts platforms where you can’t really click on it from there. So in that case, you’re going to want to go to the episode page at theAPprofessor.org where all the links are live. And you can do that from your browser on your smart phone or other device if you want to do that. I in the more recent episodes I’ve taken to, instead of just hyperlinking the title of an external resource, I will give you the URL and hyperlink the URL. So if the hyperlink is not live and clickable, then at least you can copy and paste it into your browser and that makes it a little bit easier for you. I hope it’s easier for you.
Kevin Patton: So okay, just a little bit of housekeeping to start off the episode. To clarify what I mean by show notes and episode page, where are you going to find links that are related to all of the topics we’re talking about in the segments of this episode.
Sponsored by HAPS
Kevin Patton: Marketing support for this podcast is provided by HAPS, the Human Anatomy and Physiology Society. Promoting excellence in the teaching of human anatomy and physiology for over 30 years. I’ve been a member of HAPS, for a long time and there are many resources available to members that help us in our teaching. And one of my favorites, I have a lot of favorites, but one of my favorites is the HAPS blog. And our recent posting in the HAPS blog really caught my attention because it’s just so brilliant.
Role of Exosomes in Spread of Cancer
Kevin Patton: Our member, Carol Britson, did a little piece here about how to clean the plastic models in our labs. She had run into a situation where over a period of years, a lot of grime had built up on the plastic models. And the usual soaps and detergents she was trying to use really didn’t do the whole job. And she found a way, and this is brilliant. She found a way to use denture cleaning materials to clean off her plastic models. I have a link in the show notes and episode page. I recommend you take a look at it. And don’t go doing this yourself without looking at her article, because she walks you through the steps of how to do it. And she points out some possible pitfalls. So before you run into a pitfall, that is before you fall into a pit, you want to read her article. But do that and then while you’re there at the HAPS blog, check out the other entries in the HAPS blog. And while you’re there, then why don’t you start looking around some of the other resources that are available to our members? And if you want to visit half’s, just go to theAPprofessor.org/haps. That’s H-A-P-S.
Kevin Patton: When I talk about cells in my anatomy and physiology course, that includes a survey of the major organelles just like you do. And when I’m done with that, I emphasize to my students that these organelles that we’ve just discussed are going to be important players, important characters in the story that I’m going to tell over the course of these two semesters, the story of the human body.
Kevin Patton: But, there are other organelles that have been discovered, and there are some yet to be discovered. And it’s important that they know that even though we’re not going to be covering the other kinds of organelles in our course. They may encounter them in a later course or in their clinical activities or research activities depending on their career path.
Kevin Patton: And one of the examples I often give are exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles. That is vesicles that are pinched off of a cell and contain substances from that cell. And they’ll travel in the extracellular environment, the extracellular matrix, and probably get picked up by another cell.
Kevin Patton: And that second cell is now going to have substances that came from the first cell. And those substances may act as a signal or have some kind of effect in the second cell. And we’re working out a lot of those stories of the different kinds of exosomes, there are, different kinds of extracellular vesicles, and what roles they play. And that’s why I’m bringing it up right now because I just ran across an interesting story about the possible role of access ohms in cancer, particularly in brain cancer. We know that brain cancers can be very, very dangerous as most cancers have the ability to be very dangerous. And we know that a lot of brain cancers actually started out in another tissue. It’s not all that uncommon for lung cancer to spread to the brain, or breast cancer, or melanoma. To start secondary tumors to metastasize to the brain.
Kevin Patton: So how is that working? Because you have the blood-brain barrier there. How are things getting past the blood-brain barrier? So they were looking at the role of exosomes being released by tumor cells going into the little micro environment, the extracellular environment around that primary tumor. And they were seeing that those exosomes, and this work has been done before. Those exosomes may be signaling the surrounding cells to create an environment there that is more conducive to tumor cells. So that’s going to enhance the ability of that tumor to grow, which we know is a characteristic of maligna tumors anyway. So it’s going to grow. And those factors may also enhance the ability to metastasize, to get into the bloodstream and move to some other area of tissue, maybe nearby or maybe far away like in the brain.
Kevin Patton: But when a metastatic cell from a primary tumor gets to the brain, then how’s it going to get across the blood-brain barrier? And how are those exosomes that are being released from the cancerous tissue, from the malignant tissue that are making the environment hospitable for that metastasized cell. How are those EVs going to get across the blood-brain barrier? EV is for extracellular vesicle.
Kevin Patton: We know that the exosomes involved are too big to get across the blood-brain barrier, at least the normal measurements of particle size that we see that are being blocked or not blocked by the blood-brain barrier. And they should be blocked, but they’re not. They’re getting through and they’re making it the brain, local areas of the brain more hospitable to developing a cancerous tumor. So this study was to see how can that work.
Kevin Patton: So what they found was that the blood-brain barrier, the first thing you hit if you’re trying to get out of the blood vessel, is the endothelial cells that form the wall of the capillary. And normally when something tries to get through, they’ll tighten up and there’ll be some, some signaling between the endothelial cells and some of the surrounding cells called pericytes, P-E-R-I-C-Y-T-E-S. And the feet, flattened out feet of the astrocytes, a kind of glial cell. And we know that there’s this triple layer that they have to get through, and that it’s hard for large particles to get through, if not impossible. And what happens is those exosomes, they hit the endothelial cell and they induce the endothelial cell to do something called transcytosis, which is a process that we see from time to time in the body where a vesicle is taken up by a cell and pushed through to the other side, pops out the other side. And that’s what these particular cancer associated vesicles are doing is they’re sort of tricking the blood-brain barrier.
Kevin Patton: And not only that, once they’re through the endothelial cells and they get through the blood-brain barrier, they’re going to go to the astrocytes and get picked up by the astrocytes. And the astrocytes are going to help change the environment in that local area. So it’s more conducive to not only metastasis that is the moving in of cancer cells, but the environment to grow cancer cells. They’re going to make it so that it’s better for cancer cells in the normal cells. At least that’s what we think. This is very preliminary story. But it’s interesting that these organelles, exosomes have a role in that. And now that we know that, we might be able to stop things. And not only that, we might be able to hijack that system and use these exosomes to deliver anticancer agents or some factors that’s going to reduce the success of those cancer cells. So I have links in the show notes and episode page if you want to learn more about that.
Sponsored by AAA
Kevin Patton: A searchable transcript and a captioned audiogram of this episode are funded by AAA, the American Association for Anatomy. Did you know that if you’re already a HAPS member, you can sign up with a greatly reduced membership dues in AAA? Check it out at anatomy.org.
Activity Type Affects Heart Shape
Kevin Patton: We know by doing research that the human body adapts to different levels of activity in our life, and that we can actually change the structure and function of our body if we change the kinds and amounts of physical activity that we do. And I recently ran across a story of a study that looked at the effects of these kinds of activities that we do in our life in the heart. Specifically in the shape of the heart. And even more specifically, in the left ventricle.
Kevin Patton: And the subjects that they looked at were adult men, 160 of them. And they were from four different groups. One group or long distance runners. Another group were sedentary adults. Another group were highly trained football linemen. And another group were a particular group of Native American farmers that were renowned for their running ability. And then they added in a fifth group, which were not human adult males, but they were 43 adult male chimpanzees. Because they were looking at this from the evolutionary perspective of what is our heart built for, and what is the range of adaptability that we have evolved as humans?
Kevin Patton: So I don’t think it’s too surprising, but it’s interesting anyway to look at what the results are. And they found that the endurance runners and the farmers. Remember, these are farmers that are well known for the running ability. Their left ventricles tended to have elongated ventricles with thinner walls than maybe average. And when you think about it, when you have a thin, flexible wall and it’s elongated, that means that you can pump a lot of blood with every stroke, every beat of the heart. So you’re going to have a good stroke volume. And when you’re doing endurance activity, you’re not going to have a lot of blood pressure resistance to push against. So that thin wall, it’s going to work. It’s going to not only be flexible enough to fill greatly, but you don’t have a large pressure gradient to overcome as you would if you were doing resistance activity. That is high intensity resistance activity.
Kevin Patton: So then they looked at the linemen that were doing training that really emphasized that short burst of high intensity activity. And they ended up having the shortest and thickest walled ventricles. So they weren’t elongated, and they were thicker walled. And that makes sense because what’s more important there is not the total volume of blood flow per minute or hour or whatever. But what’s more important or at least what is a big factor is pushing against the great resistance that is going to be built up in the peripheral areas of the cardiovascular system as you’re doing this high intensity activity. So yeah, but worked out as we would expect it to work out.
Kevin Patton: They also found that the sedentary humans, they had relatively short thick walled hearts as well, or left ventricles at least. And that makes sense because they’re not having to elongate it and so on to adapt to endurance activity. They’re not doing any endurance activity. They’re doing short bursts to the kitchen to get another beer and another bag of chips I guess. And the chimps, well, they’re the same way. Their main activities are just forging around lazily, sitting around doing nothing. And every once in a while getting up and fighting or climbing. Climb up a tree and then take a nap. And then climb down the and walk around a little bit and gather some things. This all works out. If you want to read through it, I have a couple of different links to this story in the show notes and the episode page
Sponsored by HAPI Online Graduate Program
Kevin Patton: The free distribution of this podcast is sponsored by the Master of Science in Human Anatomy and Physiology Instruction. The HAPI degree. I’m on the faculty of this program so I know the incredible value it is for A&P teachers. Are you looking to power up your game in teaching A&P? Well, check out this online graduate program at nycc.edu/hapi. That’s H-A-P-I. Or click the link in the show notes or episode page
Amplifying Learning in A&P: ANSWER
Kevin Patton: I want to spend a few minutes today talking about how we can amplify and learning in our A&P course. And what do I mean by that? Amplify learning. You know what the word amplify means. It means make something louder, make it bigger, make it more. So I’m talking about making learning more in our course. That is get students to learn maybe more concepts, maybe a larger number of concepts. But I’m really focusing on learning better. That is learning more deeply, learning more clearly what the connections are between the different concepts that they’re learning. Putting it all into their longterm memory so they can retrieve it later and apply it, and solve problems with it.
Kevin Patton: So you have your own idea, you put into your own words what learning is. And I’m saying that whatever that is in your mind, we can always do better. I know we can do better. I’m pretty sure we can do better. I don’t think I’m that much different than all of you out there in the classroom teaching. For the more than 30 years that I’ve been in the classroom, I have frequently run across new ideas that had been shared by colleagues that I’ve seen observed in classrooms that I visited, that I’ve read about in the literature and so on. That I’ve tried out, and maybe adapted, or maybe tweaked or whatever, and maybe come up with some new variation on it. So over the years, I can really see that the learning in my courses has gotten bigger. It’s been amplified. Why? Because I’ve been employing some of these ideas. And I’m not saying that I’ve arrived, that I’ve gotten to the point where I’m satisfied. I don’t think I’m ever going to be satisfied. And I hope I’m never satisfied because that’ll take the fun out of it. But I’m approaching this mythical perfection that I think a lot of us strive for in our teaching. How can I do this better next semester?
Kevin Patton: And this is why as I’ve mentioned in previous episodes, why it’s important to do mid-semester, and end of semester, and end of year debriefings to reflect on that year. And what worked, what didn’t work, what things have I heard about over this year that I can try next time around?
Kevin Patton: So I’m going to sort of organize this discussion and just hit on a few brief ideas. Again, some of them you’ve heard in one way or another before. But I’m going to be adding more information here. And I’m going to base it or organize it around an acronym called ANSWER. And that is from an article that I ran across the last summer that I really liked. Because it kind of took a lot of different things that I’d already been thinking about and some new things, and drew them all together into a coherent, organized fashion.
Kevin Patton: And it’s an article from Faculty Focus by Kevin Yee and Diane Boyd called, How Can We Amplify Student Learning? So now you know where that word amplify comes from in this segment. So the main title is how can we amplify student learning? Subtitle is The ANSWER from Cognitive Psychology. An answer in the article is written in all caps. And the reason is, is because that’s an acronym. And that acronym is one that they propose that we use to help us remember some of these ideas, these widely held ideas and these widely practiced methods of amplifying learning in the classroom. So that when we do those debriefings and reflections, we can pull out that acronym and say okay, how am I doing on these points here?
Kevin Patton: So what do the letters of the word ANSWER represent? I’ll go through that quickly and then we’ll go through each one of those sort of briefly. But I’m going to be giving you definition and some examples that we can use in A&P to implement them.
Kevin Patton: So A is for attention, N is for novelty, S is for spacing, W is for why, W-H-Y. E is for emotions, and R is for repetition. So attention, novelty, spacing, why, emotions, and repetition. And I think if you think about those, you can already think of probably what some of the underlying concepts of those are. But let’s take them one at a time. First one, attention.
Kevin Patton: So what we mean by that is if you’re going to be doing some learning or your students are going to be doing learning, they have to pay attention to the task of learning. That is, they have to have focus. But focus is not the first letter of the word answers or using a for attention. But that’s what we mean as focused.
Kevin Patton: And of course, in order for learning to take place, you have to be focused on what is being learned and also on the process of learning. The activity of learning. And boy, this reminds me of a few episodes ago, I was giving different models of homeostasis or analogies of homeostasis that we can use in the classroom. And one of them is what I call the Wallenda Model of homeostasis. The Flying Wallendas are a famous group of high-wire artists and they have a certain kind of balance and we can use some of those principles of balance to apply to homeostasis.
Kevin Patton: And one of the things that Tino Wallenda, who I’ve spoken to a number of times. He and I were both on the same circus program decades ago. And he knows I use the Wallendas as a model for homeostasis.
Kevin Patton: I was introducing my youngest son to him one time who had never met Tino. And I said, “I’m always repeating your mantra that you gave me when I first met you, and I asked you what the secret is to being such a good high wire artist. And you had told me the secret is practice, practice, practice.” And he said, “Oh yeah.” He says, “Well, I have another one.” Speaking to my son. “I have another one for you. It’s focus, focus, focus.” Now you can imagine being a high wire artist, that focus is very important. As soon as you get distracted, you might be off that high wire.
Kevin Patton: And that’s true for learning too. We want to minimize distractions. So we want to analyze our learning environment. We want to coach our students that their learning environment that they might be in in an online course or while they’re studying at home or in the library or in their car, wherever there’s at work. Wherever they’re studying, that that be something that not have many distractions around.
Kevin Patton: As a matter of fact, I was just listening to a different podcast not long ago. And they were discussing some research that had been done about the distraction of cell phones. And in that research they found that when you set your cell phone somewhere out visible like on a desk or a table while you’re working, or learning, or something that requires attention. If you set that on the table face down so you can’t see the screen and you turn it on silent mode, it’s still going to be drawing your attention toward it. You’re still going to frequently and consistently be looking at that phone, thinking about that phone, thinking about what might be coming up on that phone. And the effect was not a huge effect. It was a relatively small effect. But they pointed out that a small effect multiplied over a long period of time, a semester’s worth of learning for example. And multiplied by multiple people, either in the workforce or in your classroom. Well, maybe that’s not so insignificant. Maybe it’s worth thinking about.
Kevin Patton: So a lot of us struggle with what should our policy be about having devices in the classroom. And I’ve never had a you must put your devices away policy, but I’m thinking maybe that is the best approach. I do know that when it came time to deciding what kind of clicker, that is student response system that I wanted to use. Which I did long, long time ago. I opted for a traditional dedicated clicker that the students use that’s just for clicking the answers. And those occasions when I ask them a clicker question. And not use the device based systems. That is the systems that work through their cell phone, or laptop, or whatever it is they have. Because my experience up until that point, and it has continued, is that whenever you do that, they’re going to get distracted by that tweet that just came up. Or checking their social media or checking their email or whatever, and now it’s going to draw their attention away sometimes in a very significant way. You might lose them for five or 10 minutes at a time as they’re texting back and forth with someone else inside or outside of the class. So yeah, we need to think about these things. What are the things that are drawing away the attention from the learning task?
Kevin Patton: Another letter in the word ANSWER is N. So we have A for attention, N for novelty. And we know that when we’re learning, we know that our brain really wants to have novel that is new, different experiences. And a lot of the things we’ve talked about in previous episodes help us do that. For example, I’m always talking about storytelling. That is really relaying the content of our course as if it’s a story. That’s one aspect of storytelling in our course. Another aspect is telling actual stories. And it can be the story of signal transduction in the content of that, in the explanation of signal transduction just as an example. But it could also be an analogy like using the Wallendas. So I tell stories about the flying Wallendas, and then we tie that into how that relates to how we think about homeostasis and how the body keeps a homeostatic balance in our internal environment. And there’s all kinds of other analogies that you and I use in our classroom.
Kevin Patton: So that introduces novelty, and that helps learning. And there’s research that shows that that novelty helps engage the student. And guess what? It helps them focus, right? Because they’re not just abstract concepts now. We’re listening to a story.
Kevin Patton: In a recent episode, I talked about case studies. And how case studies, which really are a form of storytelling, right? They’re going to engage students. So we can work on case studies and that will help deepen or amplify learning. Demonstrations in a past episode. Well again, when I was talking about homeostasis, I used another model besides the Wallenda model. I use the fishbowl model of homeostasis. And I actually do a demonstration. There’s a video of it. If you have that, The A&P Professor app, which you can download from your device’s bookstore. Then you can go in there and you can see the picture of the little aquarium that I use with the little stuffed animal fish that I put in there when I talk about the fishbowl model of homeostasis. And when I do that demonstration, it helps with focus and it helps with learning because it’s a novel experience. It’s like what is he going to do now? And it’s kind of silly when I do it and fun when I do it. So when you make things silly, and fun, and playful, another topic from a previous episode. When you make things playful, it enhances learning.
Kevin Patton: Doing dissections, that is a novel experience. Even if students have done different kinds of dissections before, like a frog dissected in middle school or something like that. Doing another deception of another specimen. Maybe this time a different specimen, maybe a larger mammal, maybe you’re dissecting human body donors in your course. So that’s a novel experience.
Kevin Patton: It’s sort of a form of play, or playfulness in that we’re playing with the parts of the body. Now, I don’t mean it in a disrespectful sense. But I mean it in the sense that we’re manipulating it. We’re going back and forth with it. We’re pretending as if we’re removing a layer and then putting it back and say. Well actually, we’re literally doing that, but we’re pretending to visualize the body in different ways.
Kevin Patton: And one thing I want to say about this novelty thing is when we start introducing activities into our course beyond what some people would think of as a classical lecture. And I want to get back to that idea of a classical lecture in a moment. But we know that most of us who ‘lecture’ aren’t really just standing there reciting facts. I hope that’s not all that we’re all doing. Instead, we’re going to be interspersing it with clicker questions, with just regular old questions to the class. Discussions of varying lengths. Maybe just a minute or two of a discussion, maybe a whole dedicated 15 minutes of let’s get into small groups and discuss. It could be demonstrations like I just mentioned, could be analogies and playful stories and things like that.
Kevin Patton: All of those things, they are going to not be what a lot of our students are used to in terms of what goes on in a classroom. And they’re going to probably feel, most likely feel. The research shows that they usually feel like they haven’t learned as much. When you’re telling a story and playing with stuffed fish, they’re going to walk out thinking we didn’t learn much today. We just talked about fish. But then later on, they’re going to find it that the idea of homeostasis is more meaningful to them and they’re going to be able to apply it more easily. But they’re not necessarily going to link it back to that story about the fish. That demonstration, that silly demonstration with the fish being stuffed into an aquarium.
Kevin Patton: So their feeling is inaccurate, generally. When they feel like they’ve learned well, that’s most likely to be high after they walk out of a lecture where you’ve recited all the facts. And they walk out and think, “Oh yeah, I learned a lot there now.” They’re not thinking about the fact that you ask them anything about that a few hours later or the next day and they’re not going to remember any of it. That doesn’t occur to them when you’re asking them about how much they learned in these different contexts. So keep that in mind. The more novel you make things, the more different kinds of activities you do, the less likely it is up to a certain point, the less likely it is that your students are going to feel like they’ve really learned well. And this is reason number 412 why student evaluations of teaching are not worth anything. Because you’re asking someone who has a distorted view of what has gone on in the classroom, what their opinion is. And not only that, but they’re untrained as to be able to really accurately analyze for themselves how learning has worked in that course. They don’t know enough about the cognitive psychology, that is the learning science behind all of that.
Kevin Patton: So that gets me to the, I said I’m going to get to the idea of lecture in a minute. And I think that that’s something that we need to look at as a profession, is how we describe what we’re doing in class. Like in most science classes, you’re going to have a lecture part of the class and a lab part of the class. And when you use that term lecture for the class, you’re thinking of someone standing in front of the room spouting off facts. And you’re not thinking of all of the discussion and the demonstrations, and the playfulness, and the storytelling, and all that that’s going on in there. So I don’t know, I think we need to think about that. I’m not going to do that now because I have look at all these letters left in the word answer. Let’s move to the next one. Spacing for the letter S. So A for attention, N for novelty, S for spacing.
Kevin Patton: And I’ve talked about spacing a lot. As a matter of fact, the very first episode I talked about spaced retrieval practice. And then in a later episode when I interviewed the group that calls themselves the learning scientists when they had just come out with a book about most of the things we’re talking about today. We talked about spacing, and that is the idea that we need to put a little space in between our learning sessions on any one set of concepts, or even any individual concept.
Kevin Patton: It’s sometimes called distributed practice, meaning that we’re going to practice with this stuff, but we’re going to space it out. We’re going to distribute it over different periods of time. So that we’re going to give at least a few hours before we pick it up again and look at it again, and continue our practice with it, continue our focus on it. So maybe if we just practice maybe twice a day separated by several hours, maybe more than that. But at least give some time for spacing and practice every day. Rather than cramming it all together. And we know that that’s a common technique that students use is they do a little bit of learning activity, and then they leave a really long space, and then they try to cram it all in together at the end. And they have to relearn it because they haven’t been spacing out their practice, they just did a little practice at the beginning and middle, and then left it too long so that the memories really do pretty much disappear. And now they have to relearn it again. So now it’s back in their short term memory again. And then they take the test and then usually off they go.
Kevin Patton: So I’ve brought up in the past a way to do spacing is something we can do at our end besides the fact that we are going to encourage our students to space out their study time. And do what we can in the classroom to bring up topics again and again so that it’s spaced between one class, and the next class, and the next class. Not only that, but I do cumulative testing. Meaning that yeah okay, they got tested on in this test. But you know what, they’re going to be tested on it at least to some level in the next test. Even though that’s not the focus of the next test, they’re still going to get some items relating to the previous test. And then the next one after that, we’re just going to add some more concepts to it.
Kevin Patton: So by the time they get to the final exam, well, they’ve been building up to that. They already know that. It’s in their longterm memory. The final exam is going to be easy to them. And how do I know it’s going to be easy to them? Because when I started doing those cumulative tests, I found that their performance on the midterm and final exams was better than otherwise. And it’s not just my experience. Other people have experienced that as well. So there’s a way we can do spacing. And go back to some of the previous episodes. Again, links in the show notes and episode page that’ll take you to those episodes. And there were several that I talked about spacing.
Kevin Patton: So we have A for attention, N for novelty, S for spacing. Notice how I’m spacing this out so that we know the acronym. I’m reviewing it again, so we have A for attention, N for novelty, S for spacing. And the next one is W for why, W-H-Y.
Kevin Patton: And this gets to the heart of another recent episode where I was talking about transparency in the classroom. And then we should explain to students why we do the things we do in class. So they can be partners in that and understand well here’s why I’m using clickers. Here’s what the benefits are in terms of learning science. And here’s why I’m doing cumulative testing. Here’s what the benefits are in terms of learning science. I’m not doing it to be mean. I’m doing it to be kind, because I want you to have this information when you walk out. I don’t want you to have wasted all that time, and effort, and tuition money on or taking out loans that you’ll have to pay back some day. I don’t want you to have spent all of that and not have anything to show for it. So you’re doing cumulative testing, I’m being kind to you. I’m helping you do that.
Kevin Patton: So that’s the kind of transparency I focused on in that previous episode. But there’s also the transparency I’ve built into that is a subset of the kinds of transparency we should have in the classroom. And that is why are we talking about this concept now? Why am I bringing that up? So we know that the way memories are formed is what cognitive psychologists or learning scientists call associative. Meaning that we link memories with other memories. And the more links there are and the stronger those links are, the easier it’s going to be for us to retrieve it later. So that’s what long term memory is, right? Is our ability to retrieve things even in the distant future.
Kevin Patton: So if we explain to students that I’m bringing this up now because this relates to what we’re going to be discussing. Like here’s carbaminohemoglobin again. I’m always bringing that up in class. And some of you know why, if you’ve been listening to this podcast. I just love saying that word carbaminohemoglobin.
Kevin Patton: So here it is again, here’s carbaminohemoglobin again. What is the context here? I may have brought it up when we’re talking about blood and the characteristics of red blood cells, and the hemoglobin that’s in red blood cells. I might’ve brought it up there. And now I’m bringing it up again later when I’m distinguishing between the pulmonary circulation and the systemic circulation. And then I’ll bring it up again when we’re talking about the respiratory system. And not only reviewing. Yes, bringing up again, reviewing the systemic and pulmonary circulation. But also reviewing, oh my gosh. You’d think I’d be able to say that without tripping over it as often as I say carbaminohemoglobin. Again, because that has to do with how the blood gases are being transported in the blood. And that has a lot to do with our story of respiration, the respiratory system.
Kevin Patton: So the why. It’s like why am I going into all of the details of this pathway of signal transduction? Why do we need to know about cyclic AMP, and why do we need to know about this and that? And all these details. “I’m going to be a nurse. I don’t need to know this.” Well, we can give them some of those why’s like, “Well, yeah you do because this can be helpful to explain how different drugs work for example. This can explain how other kinds of treatments might work. This might explain how certain diseases develop, the mechanisms of disease.” Once students get to that point in their studies.
Kevin Patton: So explaining the why’s, sometimes you know that can take a time out of our course that we can’t really afford. But if you just do it a little bit when you can and just throw it out there, you give those why’s, that’s going to make the information more meaningful to students. And therefore, and it’s going to create connections, going to help them make connections with other things they already know. And that’s going to help in their longterm learning.
Kevin Patton: Another angle at this that I want to mention is stopping occasionally to give what I call the big picture. At the end of every system that we cover in our AMP course, I take a few minutes to step back and say how does this fit into the story we’ve been telling in the human body, and how does this help us maintain homeostasis? So we have a little bit of back and forth, a little bit of discussion. So there’s that novelty part.
Kevin Patton: It also is going back to this why of connecting it to what they just learned, and then going back even further and connecting it to what they’ve learned all the way before that. Going all the way back to that initial discussion of homeostasis.
Kevin Patton: So I always stop and talk about the big picture. Why is respiration important in the body? How does that help us maintain homeostatic balance in the body, for example? I guess the last thing I want to emphasize there is, it all gets back to that storytelling aspect. Isn’t it a good idea in storytelling?
Kevin Patton: My wife and I have been watching a very popular mini series on one of the cable networks that it already ended. But we went back and started at the beginning because we had never watched it. And it’s one of those cultural events that everybody talks about these characters in this story and we don’t know what they’re talking about. So just to be culturally aware, we went back and started this. And we’re liking it. But at the beginning of every episode they review some major important scenes from previous episodes so that we have the backstory. We remembered that, and we can connect it to what’s going to happen in this episode. And then at the end of that episode, then there’s always a little summary of some key scenes coming up next. So that wets our appetite a little bit. But it also is going to help us form connections so that once we see that next episode, we can connect back to that initial experience of it we had in the previews.
Kevin Patton: And the other thing that this series does is they’ll always have a little discussion embedded in there afterward. Where they go back and the writers, producers, directors and so on will give you some backstory of what’s going on. They’re talking about how this story is proceeding, and what the characters are doing, and what that says about those characters. So again, it’s giving us the why. It’s helping us tie that together.
Kevin Patton: And if you’re watching a mini series, and it spans over many seasons. I shouldn’t say mini series, I should say series that spans over many seasons. You’re going to need those connections if you want to keep things in your longterm memory.
Kevin Patton: So man, we better get going because we’re using up a lot of time and we’re only to E, which is the second last letter of the word answer. So A was for attention, N was for novelty, S is for spacing. W is for why, E is for emotions. I was going to bring up some ideas I’ve already mentioned already in this segment.
Kevin Patton: Well number one, emotions that are connected to memories help us retrieve those memories. And if there are positive emotions such as the playfulness that I’ve mentioned several times, the curiosity, the joy of discovery. Sometimes the silliness, the fun aspect of it. All of that can help with the learning. It can amplify learning.
Kevin Patton: There’s a term that I’ve used quite a bit in previous episodes, gamification. And that’s where you turn learning activities into a game. Maybe competitive game, maybe a game where a student’s competing with themselves basically. If we have that attitude of being playful, of making it a game, of making it fun, then it’s not just going to make it a more pleasant experience for everyone involved. That’s partly why I started doing it is if I’m going to do this, I’m going to have fun doing it.
Kevin Patton: As a matter of fact, that’s an animal training thing that I learned way back from my mentors before I ever set foot in a classroom. Is that if you go out there and your goal is to have fun, everything else is just going to follow along. And I think that’s true in teaching as well. And that’s the way I approach teaching. I love teaching. I have great fun in the classroom. But I also have come to learn that creating an atmosphere of playfulness and having fun. And also expressing the joy of discovery. I will often just stop and marvel at something and say, “Oh my gosh, that second messenger system and signal transduction we just went through. Oh yeah, it’s detailed. But look, isn’t this great that we have a system like this? Look at why this component.” Okay, that’d by for why. Why this complexity is so helpful to us. It helps us create greater precision. It gives us opportunities to modify reactions in different circumstances when the reactions probably need to be modified. Be amplified, or reduced, or whatever, or inhibited maybe. And now we have a way to do that because of this complexity here that gives us opportunities to do modification. Amplifying or turning down the response. So isn’t that amazing? Isn’t that great?
Kevin Patton: So if we can generate that kind of amazingness and not be real reticent and like, “Oh yeah, yeah, it just works this way.” But actually get excited about it. I mean, aren’t you excited about it? Why are you in this field if you’re not excited about? Of course you’re excited about it. So let’s express that more. And if we do that, that’s going to help with our students.
Kevin Patton: So having a teaching persona that is really positive, and really excited, and fun and playful. Upbeat, I think that helps learning. It amplifies learning. And now we’re ready for the R of ANSWER. So we had A for attention, N for novelty, S for spacing, W for is why, E for emotions, and R is repetition.
Kevin Patton: Now you knew that was coming, right? I mean, I mentioned it several times already. But it gets its own letter. I think it deserves its own letter in this acronym of ANSWER. And the only way that we can really get a memory into our long term memory is to repeat it again, and again, and again. So that goes back to that mantra that I first heard from Tino Wallenda. And of course, my mentors in animal training back when I was back in my circus days. Lots of people use that mantra of practice, practice, practice. And if you’ve ever been in any of my courses, you know that about me because I make my students say it out loud. I will occasionally test them on it. It’s a way to be playful. And I’ll say whenever I ask you what’s the best way to learn something, I want you to answer, practice, practice, practice. And then I’ll throw it in a few minutes later and say, “What’s the best way to learn anything?” And they’ll just look at me and say, “Oh, come on. You know.” And I’ll make them say it, and they won’t want to say it. But then they’ll say it.
Kevin Patton: And the more you get them to do that and play back with you, the more open they’re going to be to other kinds of things you’re going to be doing in the course. So you can do that with practice, practice, practice. You could add in the other one that Tino Wallenda gave me and that is focus, focus, focus. That’s important. So if that works with the story that you’re telling in your class, go ahead and use that one too. There’s all kinds of things like that, that you can use. But it emphasizes in this case, the practice, practice, practice. The idea is that you can’t just do a learning activity, walk away, cram, and then expect to do well.
Kevin Patton: Now maybe you can do okay on the task, but that’s going to be short term. What are you going to do on the final? You’re going to have to cram again and relearn all of that. And it’s going to be miserable. And what’s even worse is when you get that next course, let’s say you go into a nursing course, or a medical course, or something like that. And you’re expected to remember all this stuff and you don’t, Oh my gosh, you’re going to have to go back and relearn it again. And then maybe again, and again, again, until you get the idea that you’ve got to keep practicing it. I think here’s a case where we have to be very transparent with our students and say look, repetition is the basic key to all of this.
Kevin Patton: Now when we do repetition, the frequent repetition that you really need to do outside of class as well as inside class. That involves work. It’s effortful. It involves some difficulty is we try to push through, forget it, relearn it, forget it, relearn it, and so on. We have a little bit of space, we forget a little bit. We refresh it, we forget it a little bit, refresh it. You do that over time and it eventually becomes permanently part of your memory. It goes into your longterm memory.
Kevin Patton: And sometimes, we run into difficulties. It’s hard to do that. It’s hard to maintain that pace. It’s hard to maintain that workload. Sometimes the retrieval practice that we have our students do in applying answers in at a higher level thinking skill, that introduces some difficulty. But that’s desirable difficulty. And this is another reason why a lot of students feel like they’re not learning because they’re struggling so much. They feel like learning should be easy. And learning is never easy, not if it’s really solid learning. It’s never easy. It can be fun, it can be playful, but it’s never easy. I think that that’s an important aspect of repetition that we need to be transparent about and tell our students look, this is not going to be easy. It’s going to be effortful. There’s going to be some desirable difficulties, and here’s why it’s desirable. And explain it to them.
Kevin Patton: My last bit of advice, I know this went way long. But my last bit of advice is that just if you’re going to make changes based on some of what I said or some of the things you find when you explore the links that I’m giving you in the show notes and episode page. Just do a little bit and see if it works and tweak it. So then do another little bit another time, another little bit, another time.
Kevin Patton: And when you try something new, give it a little bit of time. The first time you try it, sometimes things don’t work out so well because number one, you might not be looking at it really in the best way, in the best light. And you might be working through how to use it effectively. So it’s going to be effortful, there’s going to be some desirable difficulty. And don’t do what our students tend to do and just want to give up. Don’t give up. Give it more time and maybe tweak it a little bit, and get some advice from some other people. And if it ends up not working well in your course, it ends up not working well. But give it time to see if it’s working well. Okay. Way over the amount of time I intended to spend on this, so we’ll just leave it at that
Staying Connected
Kevin Patton: Hey, don’t forget that I always put links in the show notes and at the episode page at theAPprofessor.org. In case you want to further explore any ideas mentioned in this podcast or if you want to visit our sponsors. And if you listen to the first segment of this episode, now you know what show notes are, right? There are many ways to stay connected to this podcast and to get new episodes as soon as they’re released. Just go to theAPprofessor.org/listen to explore the many ways you can do this. And you’re always encouraged to call in with your questions, comments, and ideas at the podcast hotline. That’s 1-833-LION-DEN. Or 1 (833) 546-6336. Or send a recording or a written message to podcast@theAPprofessor.org. You can follow this podcast at Twitter, Facebook, or Instagram using the handle @theAPprofessor. I’ll see you down the road.
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Preview of Episode 54
Kevin Patton: Hi there. This is Kevin Patton with a brief audio introduction to episode number 54 of The A&P Professor podcast, also known as TAPP Radio, an audio pageant for teachers of Human Anatomy & Physiology.
Kevin Patton: Let’s preview the topics of the upcoming full episode that is episode 54. One thing I’m going to discuss briefly is why you might want to consider getting your next vaccination at noon and not, let’s say, at midnight. Because I know that’s when you usually get your vaccinations, right? At midnight. Okay, maybe not. But it does matter, it seems, what time of day you get vaccinated. And if you want to know more about that, you’re just going to have to tune into the full episode.
Kevin Patton: Something else I’ll discuss briefly is a newly discovered population of neurons in the brain that seem to actively erase old memories that we’re not using. So what’s that all about and why is that important? Once again, tune in to the full episode.
Kevin Patton: I will also briefly discuss vaping. How can I not discuss vaping? How can any of us not discuss vaping? You know that you have students coming in class or after class or whatever bringing up this issue of vaping. So this is an issue that we all need to keep up with. I have a few words to say about that in the full episode.
Kevin Patton: The feature topic of the full episode is learning outcomes, specifically the new learning outcomes document that has just been released from the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society, HAPS. Now, HAPS has had learning outcomes for anatomy and physiology for a long time, but they haven’t been revised in a while. So they’d been recently revised, and there are some changes, actually quite a few changes, so I’m going to introduce you to some of those changes and talk about why it’s important to look at that document and some ways that we can use that document to make our courses better. That’s all coming up in the next full episode, episode 54.
Kevin Patton: The free distribution of this podcast is sponsored by the Master of Science in Human Anatomy and Physiology Instruction, the HAPI degree. I’m on the faculty of this program, so I know the incredible value it is for all A&P teachers, whether rookies or seasoned veterans. Check out this online graduate program at nycc.edu/hapi, that’s H-A-P-I, or click the link in the show notes or episode page.
Kevin Patton: It’s time once again for word dissection. This time we have a lot of terms to cover. And I say that a lot, don’t I? But we often do have a lot of terms to cover. So I will once again say we better get going. The first two terms we’re going to take together because they’re very closely related to one another. These two terms are isovolumetric and isovolumic. Isovolumetric is a term that you and I use all the time, right? When we’re talking about the cardiac cycle, we may use the term isovolumetric ventricular contraction to describe one phase of that cycle. And isovolumic or isovolumic means the same thing. The difference between these two terms is that metra word part. So let’s do the deception so we can more clearly see the difference between these two terms.
Kevin Patton: Taking the first word part, iso, we know that means equal or same. Then, volume or volume means … Literally, it means something that has been rolled up or something rolled. It originally referred to a scroll, for example, or a roll of sheets that all rolled up. It can still mean that, but the term volume, ordinary English word, has taken on a variety of other extended meanings, including, in a very broad sense, it can refer to the quantity of a mass, the size of a mass. So, that’s volume.
Kevin Patton: Then, we have the metra part, which literally means measure, and I-C is relating to. Now, looking at that word part metra, it means measure, literally. But a lot of times when students see it, they’re thinking meter as in a measurement of length. So they think of it as implying length, and sometimes it does depending on what word that word part is in. Depends on the context. For that reason, at least this is my understanding, for that reason, when we’re talking about isovolumetric contraction, we don’t really want to focus on the length of the ventricle. That’s not really part of what we’re trying to describe. It could be confusing so we can take it out. There is a word that takes it out, and we can use that, isovolumic. So instead of calling it isovolumetric ventricular contraction, we can call it isovolumic ventricular contraction. That is a trend, and we’re going to be talking about it in one of the segments of the upcoming full episode, that is episode 54.
Kevin Patton: Now, another pair of terms, we’re going to take two together again, and that is hematopoiesis and hemopoiesis. Let’s start with hemopoiesis. Hemo is a word part that means blood. Poiesis is the process of making something, or we could just simply translate it as making. I love that word because whenever I’m doing a dissection that has that term in it, I immediately recall that it’s from the same root as our word poetry, which is making something out of words, right? So it’s very poetic. No, I said poeia. It’s very poetic. Poietic is very poetic. Oh my gosh. I shouldn’t have even started that.
Kevin Patton: Anyway, hemopoiesis is blood making. Okay. What about hematopoiesis? Well, that word part hemato is just another variant of the word part hemo. So they literally mean the same thing. Both terms mean blood making. But in the context of modern hematology and cytology, there is a distinction where hematopoiesis is that overall process of making blood cells from stem cells, that whole set up processes that occurs. But, hemopoiesis is a subset of that, which is referring specifically to the myeloid and lymphoid making of cells that, of course, is a big part of the picture, but not the entire picture. We’re going to talk about that distinction in the upcoming full episode number 54.
Kevin Patton: Let’s move on to our next term, vaccination. Now, this is a common English term. Boy, it’s used a lot these days in the media and elsewhere, right? Because there’s this unusual conflict about whether vaccination should be given or not. It’s the lack of vaccinations really causing some problems in our society. But, we’ll get to that later. Let’s look at the word parts.
Kevin Patton: Let’s start with the very first part of that word, which is vaccine, really, and let’s break that down. The vaca part at the beginning, that literally means cow. The ine part means relating to. So vaccine means relating to a cow. What does that mean? How did that get in the word? Well, we coined a term vaccinae, that is V-A-C-C-I-N-A-E, which means cow pox. That goes back hundreds of years that we called that disease cow pox that cows get. Humans can get it, too, but it’s associated with cows. Vaccinae literally means relating to cows, and that was the disease in which or for which what we think of is the first vaccine was developed.
Kevin Patton: Edward Jenner back in the late 1700s took material from the cow pox disease that had the active pathogen in it and gave it to people who weren’t sick. It made them sick, but it also imparted some immune resistance to getting not only cow pox but the related pathogen, smallpox. So that was the original vaccination, and it was for smallpox. As other vaccines were developed, we just kept that name, vaccine, even though it wasn’t for smallpox and was not related to cow pox or cows at all necessarily. So it just became a more generic term.
Kevin Patton: Then, so that’s vaccine, but we’re talking about vaccination. The A-T converts a term to a verb. So if you vaccinate, then that’s the action of applying a vaccine, of administering a vaccine. Then, the I-O-N ending is a condition resulting from an action. The ate, the A-T-E, converts it to a verb, and then the tion apart, the I-O-N part, says that’s the result of an action. So few days ago, I had a flu vaccination. I got a vaccine. What the pharmacist did was vaccinate me. They’re all variations of the same term. And of course those word parts help us distinguish which variation it is that we’re talking about. We’re going to talk about vaccination in the full episode.
Kevin Patton: The next and last term is a term also that will come up in the full episode, and that is the CD8 cell, or we could say the CD8 T cell. The CD, it’s capital C, capital D, and then the numeral eight, so that’s all pushed together into a term. CD is an acronym that stands for cluster of differentiation. Now, there are some other ways of expressing the meaning of that acronym. Some people use the term classification determinant or cluster of designation, but most often we use the phrase cluster of differentiation. That is an international system for naming the surface markers on blood cells so that we can distinguish different categories or classifications of cells because different blood cells, particularly white blood cells, are going to be doing different jobs in immunology, for example. So we use the term CD a lot, which …
Kevin Patton: Oh, let me tell you what the numeral means. The numeral is the specific marker that makes that category that category. So if you have an eight at the end, well, that eight designate the particular marker associated with the number eight in this system. And if it’s CD5, well then that’s a different marker. Then at the end, you may have a plus sign. And if the plus sign is there, that simply means that the cell is positive for that marker. So if it CD8+, all that means is that, yeah, it’s got the eight marker. It’s got that CD marker. That’s what CD8 means. And if we’re applying it to a T cell, T stands for thymus, and that’s a category of lymphocytes that did at least part of their development in the thymus. So, T for thymus
Kevin Patton: This podcast is sponsored by HAPS, the Human Anatomy & Physiology Society, promoting excellence in the teaching of human anatomy and physiology for over 30 years. Go visit HAPS at theAPprofessor.org/haps. That’s H-A-P-S.
Kevin Patton: Yup, I have another recommendation from the A&P Professor Book Club. This one is a book that I’ve just started reading, and I’m really enjoying it. It’s called Human Errors: A Panorama of Our Glitches, from Pointless Bones to Broken Genes. It’s written by Nathan H. Lents. That’s L-E-N-T-S. He’s a biology professor and you can really tell. Because we all know, if you’re a regular listener of this podcast, you know that good teachers have to be good storytellers, and Nathan Lents is a good … He’s a great storyteller, and I’m really enjoying this story he’s telling in this book.
Kevin Patton: Just to give you an idea of how he frames this story, when he talks about human errors, he’s talking about the fact that the human body is not perfect in terms of its structure and its function, that we do a lot of things, well, certainly well enough to survive as a species, but it’s not perfect. There’s still a lot of room for more efficiencies, and some parts of our body are prone to certain dysfunctions and so on.
Kevin Patton: His point that he’s making in this book is that that’s the way evolution works. A lot of us as humans, not necessarily those of us who are biologists, but humans in general tend to think of humans as sort of the quintessential organism that is the perfection of evolution, the best, most efficient, most whatever, hyperbolic being that evolution has produced. He’s pointing out that, no, that’s not how evolution works. It can’t work that way.
Kevin Patton: He’s got three categories of errors, if you want to call them that. This is what he calls him for the sake of telling his story. Three categories. The first category that he talks about are aspects of our structure and function that evolved in a world that is very different from the one we live in. Given our modern environment, given our modern culture, given our modern way of life, our diet and so on, things don’t always work out as well as they should based on the fact that we’re eating, and living, and moving around differently than we evolved to do. With evolution, it sometimes takes a very, very long time, and so therefore not everything can change as quickly as we are changing in our environment and in our habits and so on. So that’s one category of issues that he talks about.
Kevin Patton: Another category of issues that he talks about is the idea that we haven’t completely adapted to certain functions. In evolution, things keep getting redesigned as conditions change. Even though, for example, we have evolved certain structures of our skeletal system, and our muscles, and some other things that allow us to walk on two limbs rather than four limbs like our ancestors did evolutionarily speaking, even though that has happened, that doesn’t mean that it happened suddenly or that it happened in the most efficient way possible. If we were just starting from scratch and an engineer was designing things, it could be a lot more efficient and a lot less prone to some of the injuries and other dysfunctions that happen. His point is is that, yeah, we’re adapted, but not necessarily adapted in the best way.
Kevin Patton: Then, he’s got a third category of human errors, as we’re calling it in the title, that are due to really just the limits of the evolutionary process. Usually, evolution occurs in just very tiny steps, and it takes a very, very long time. Maybe in a million years certain of our structures and functions will be more efficient than they are now, but probably not. That’s because over time there are just some things that we can’t do because it’s just these tiny changes that happen one on top of the other, happen on top of the other. You can’t necessarily just jump to the most efficient formation or the most efficient arrangement that there is.
Kevin Patton: I’m not doing a very good job of explaining his story because it’s not my story. It’s his story. I think the best way to learn about this, and I think it’s something that, for me at least, it’s really informing how I understand human structure and function. It is certainly going to affect the way I tell my story coming from the angle that I’m coming from, which is just learning the basic structure and function of the body, the story I’m telling to my students. I suggest you listen to his story and see how that affects your story. The only way to do that is to get the book. Just go to theAPprofessor.org/bookclub and you can get a copy for yourself.
Kevin Patton: A searchable transcript and a captioned audiogram of this preview episode are funded by AAA, the American Association for Anatomy at anatomy.org. This is Kevin Patton signing off for now and reminding you to keep your questions and comments coming. Why not call the podcast hotline right now at 1-833-LION-DEN. That’s 1-833-546-6336. Or visit us at theAPprofessor.org.
Kevin Patton: Hey, and why not take just a moment, really, it only takes a moment, this week, and do it this week, to share the AP Professor Podcast with a colleague? As a matter of fact, now’s a good time, right? Because it’s the end. That’s the end of this preview. So go right off now and call, or email, or tweet, or whatever you do with your colleagues and tell them about this podcast, and I’ll see you down the road.
Last updated: June 1, 2021 at 18:06 pm